Other Sources of Information Regarding the Program
*Click on a link to visit the website!*
Official Program Website
Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission
Overview of Current Salmonid Recovery Plans
Class Evaluation Report/White Paper - (PDF download)
Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission
Overview of Current Salmonid Recovery Plans
Class Evaluation Report/White Paper - (PDF download)
Literature Cited
Beamesderfer, R. 1992. Reproduction and early life history of northern squawfish, Ptychocheilus oregonensis, in Idaho’s St. Joe River. Environmental Biology of Fishes 35:231–241.
Beamesderfer, R., D. L. Ward, and A. A. Nigro. 1996. Evaluation of the biological basis for a predator control program on northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:2898–2908.
Bilby, R. E., B. R. Fransen, P. A. Bisson, and J. K. Walter. 1998. Response of juvenile Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the addition of salmon carcasses to two streams in southwestern Washington, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1909–1918.
Bilby, R. E., B. R. Fransen, and P. A. Bisson. 1996. Incorporation of nitrogen and carbon from spawning Coho salmon into the trophic system of small streams: evidence from stable isotopes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:164–173.
Bonar, S. A., B. D. Bolding, M. Divens, and W. Meyer. 2005. Effects of introduced fishes on wild juvenile Coho salmon in three shallow Pacific Northwest lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134:641–652.
Buchanan, D. V., R. M. Hooton, and J. R. Moring. 1981. Northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) predation on juvenile salmonids in sections of the Willamette river basin, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:360–364.
Chandler, J. A. 1993. Consumption rates and estimated total loss of juvenile salmonids by northern squawfish in Lower Granite Reservoir, Washington.
Chapman, D. W. 1986. Salmon and steelhead abundance in the Columbia River in the nineteenth century. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:662–670.
Carter, J. A., G. A. McMichael, I. D. Welch, R. A. Harnish, and B. J. Bellgraph. 2009. Seasonal juvenile salmonid presence and migratory behavior in the Lower Columbia River. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland, OR. Pp. 76.
DART, Columbia Basin Research. 2011. Columbia River DART (Data Access in Real Time) Adult Passage All Species Composite Report. DART Adult Passage All Species Composite Report.
Fresh, K. L., S. L. Schroder, and M. I. Carr. 2003. Predation by northern pikeminnow on hatchery and wild Coho salmon smolts in the Chehalis River, Washington. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23:1257–1264.
Gadomski, D. M., and J. A. Hall-Griswold. 1992. Predation by northern squawfish on live and dead juvenile Chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121:680–685.
Gadomski, D. M., C. A. Barfoot, J. M. Bayer, and T. P. Poe. 2001. Early life history of the northern pikeminnow in the Lower Columbia River basin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:250–262.
Gende, S. M., R. T. Edwards, M. F. Willson, and M. S. Wipfli. 2002. Pacific salmon in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. BioScience 52:917.
Friesen, T. A., and D. L. Ward. 1999. Management of northern pikeminnow and implications for juvenile salmonid survival in the Lower Columbia and Snake Rivers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19:406–420.
Hankin, D. G., and J. Richards. 2000. The northern pikeminnow management program an independent review of program justification, performance, and cost- effectiveness. Northwest Power Planning Council.
Healy, M. C. 1991. Life history of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Pacific salmon life histories UBC Press, Vancouver, Canada.
Hedgecock, D., and A. Pudovkin. 2011. Sweepstakes reproductive success in highly fecund marine fish and shellfish: a review and commentary. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:971–1002.
(IEAB) Independent Board. 2011. Juvenile passage cost effectiveness analysis for the Columbia River basin: description and preliminary analysis. General Books.
Knapp, G., C. A. Roheim, and J. L. Anderson. 2007. Effects of farmed salmon on wild salmon prices in The Great Salmon Run : Competition Between Wild and Farmed Salmon.
Koslow, J. A., A. J. Hobday, and G. W. Boehlert. 2002. Climate variability and marine survival of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Oregon production area. Fisheries Oceanography 11:65–77.
Larkin, G. A., and P. A. Slaney. 1997. Implications of trends in marine-derived nutrient influx to south coastal British Columbia salmonid production. Fisheries 22:16–24.
Lichatowich, J., L. Mobrand, L. Lestelle, and T. Vogel. 1995. An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of depleted Pacific salmon populations in Pacific Northwest watersheds. Fisheries 20:10–18.
Lichatowich, J. 2001. Salmon without rivers: a history of the Pacific salmon crisis. Island Press.
Naughton, G. P., M. L. Keefer, T. S. Clabough, M. A. Jepson, S. R. Lee, C. A. Peery, C. C. Caudill, and M. Bradford. 2011. Influence of pinniped-caused injuries on the survival of adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Columbia River basin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68:1615–1624.
Parker, R. M., M. P. Zimmerman, and D. L. Ward. 1995. Variability in biological characteristics of northern squawfish in the Lower Columbia and Snake Rivers. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124:335–346.
Peterman, R., and M. Gatto. 1978. Estimation of functional responses of predators on juvenile salmon. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:797–808.
Petersen, J. H., D. M. Gadomski, and T. P. Poe. 1994. Differential predation by northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) on live and dead juvenile salmonids in the Bonneville dam tailrace (Columbia River). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:1197–1204.
Petersen, J. H. 1994. Importance of spatial pattern in estimating predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia river. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123:924–930.
Petersen, J. 2001. Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river. Journal of Fish Biology 58:1137–1148.
Poe, T. P., H. C. Hansel, S. Vigg, D. E. Palmer, and L. A. Prendergast. 1991. Feeding of predaceous fishes on out-migrating juvenile salmonids in John Day reservoir, Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:405–420.
Poe, T. P., and B. E. Rieman. 1988. Predation by resident fish on juvenile salmonids in John Day reservoir, 1983-1986. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR. Pp. 382.
Porter, R. 2010. Report on the predation index, predator control fisheries, and program evaluation for the Columbia river basin experimental northern pikeminnow management program. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission.
Quinn, T. P. 2005. The behavior and ecology of Pacific salmon and trout. University of Washington Press.
Radtke, H. D., C. N. Carter, and S. W. Davis. 2004. Economic evaluation of the northern pikeminnow management program. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission.
Raymond, H. L. 1988. Effects of hydroelectric development and fisheries enhancement on spring and summer Chinook salmon and Steelhead in the Columbia river basin. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8:1–24.
Rieman, B. E., and R. C. Beamesderfer. 1990. Dynamics of a northern squawfish population and the potential to reduce predation on juvenile salmonids in a Columbia River reservoir. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 10:228–241.
Rieman, B. E., R. C. Beamesderfer, S. Vigg, and T. P. Poe. 1991. Estimated loss of juvenile salmonids to predation by northern squawfish, walleyes, and smallmouth bass in John Day reservoir, Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:448–458.
Roby, D., and K. Collis. 2011. Research, monitoring, and evaluation of avian predation on salmonid smolts in the Lower and Mid-Columbia River:167.
Stansell, R. J., K. M. Gibbons, and W. T. Nagy. 2010. Evaluation of pinniped predation on adult salmonids and other fish in the Bonneville dam tailrace, 2008-2010. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Fisheries Field Unit.
The Research Group. 2009. North Pacific salmon fisheries economic measurement estimates. Wild Salmon Center, Corvallis, OR.
Thompson, R., and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1959. Food of the Squawfish, Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson) of the lower Columbia River. U.S. Dept. of the Interior.
Turner, B. G. K., M. Clement, K. Garner, and C. Keeler. 2006. Northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) removal efforts, for the Priest rapids project area, Mid-Columbia River, 2006. Ephrata, Washington.
U.S. army corps of engineers, Portland district. 2009. Fish identification booklet. .
Vigg, S., T. P. Poe, L. A. Prendergast, and H. C. Hansel. 1991. Rates of consumption of juvenile salmonids and alternative prey fish by northern squawfish, walleyes, smallmouth bass, and channel catfish in John Day reservoir, Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:421–438.
Wipfli, M. S., J. Hudson, and J. Caouette. 1998. Influence of salmon carcasses on stream productivity: response of biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alaska, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1503–1511.
Zimmerman, M. P. 1995. Relative density and distribution of smallmouth bass, channel catfish, and walleye in the lower Columbia and Snake Rivers. Northwest Science Northwest Sci 69:19–27.
Beamesderfer, R., D. L. Ward, and A. A. Nigro. 1996. Evaluation of the biological basis for a predator control program on northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:2898–2908.
Bilby, R. E., B. R. Fransen, P. A. Bisson, and J. K. Walter. 1998. Response of juvenile Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the addition of salmon carcasses to two streams in southwestern Washington, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1909–1918.
Bilby, R. E., B. R. Fransen, and P. A. Bisson. 1996. Incorporation of nitrogen and carbon from spawning Coho salmon into the trophic system of small streams: evidence from stable isotopes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:164–173.
Bonar, S. A., B. D. Bolding, M. Divens, and W. Meyer. 2005. Effects of introduced fishes on wild juvenile Coho salmon in three shallow Pacific Northwest lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134:641–652.
Buchanan, D. V., R. M. Hooton, and J. R. Moring. 1981. Northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) predation on juvenile salmonids in sections of the Willamette river basin, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:360–364.
Chandler, J. A. 1993. Consumption rates and estimated total loss of juvenile salmonids by northern squawfish in Lower Granite Reservoir, Washington.
Chapman, D. W. 1986. Salmon and steelhead abundance in the Columbia River in the nineteenth century. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:662–670.
Carter, J. A., G. A. McMichael, I. D. Welch, R. A. Harnish, and B. J. Bellgraph. 2009. Seasonal juvenile salmonid presence and migratory behavior in the Lower Columbia River. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland, OR. Pp. 76.
DART, Columbia Basin Research. 2011. Columbia River DART (Data Access in Real Time) Adult Passage All Species Composite Report. DART Adult Passage All Species Composite Report.
Fresh, K. L., S. L. Schroder, and M. I. Carr. 2003. Predation by northern pikeminnow on hatchery and wild Coho salmon smolts in the Chehalis River, Washington. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23:1257–1264.
Gadomski, D. M., and J. A. Hall-Griswold. 1992. Predation by northern squawfish on live and dead juvenile Chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121:680–685.
Gadomski, D. M., C. A. Barfoot, J. M. Bayer, and T. P. Poe. 2001. Early life history of the northern pikeminnow in the Lower Columbia River basin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:250–262.
Gende, S. M., R. T. Edwards, M. F. Willson, and M. S. Wipfli. 2002. Pacific salmon in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. BioScience 52:917.
Friesen, T. A., and D. L. Ward. 1999. Management of northern pikeminnow and implications for juvenile salmonid survival in the Lower Columbia and Snake Rivers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19:406–420.
Hankin, D. G., and J. Richards. 2000. The northern pikeminnow management program an independent review of program justification, performance, and cost- effectiveness. Northwest Power Planning Council.
Healy, M. C. 1991. Life history of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Pacific salmon life histories UBC Press, Vancouver, Canada.
Hedgecock, D., and A. Pudovkin. 2011. Sweepstakes reproductive success in highly fecund marine fish and shellfish: a review and commentary. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:971–1002.
(IEAB) Independent Board. 2011. Juvenile passage cost effectiveness analysis for the Columbia River basin: description and preliminary analysis. General Books.
Knapp, G., C. A. Roheim, and J. L. Anderson. 2007. Effects of farmed salmon on wild salmon prices in The Great Salmon Run : Competition Between Wild and Farmed Salmon.
Koslow, J. A., A. J. Hobday, and G. W. Boehlert. 2002. Climate variability and marine survival of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Oregon production area. Fisheries Oceanography 11:65–77.
Larkin, G. A., and P. A. Slaney. 1997. Implications of trends in marine-derived nutrient influx to south coastal British Columbia salmonid production. Fisheries 22:16–24.
Lichatowich, J., L. Mobrand, L. Lestelle, and T. Vogel. 1995. An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of depleted Pacific salmon populations in Pacific Northwest watersheds. Fisheries 20:10–18.
Lichatowich, J. 2001. Salmon without rivers: a history of the Pacific salmon crisis. Island Press.
Naughton, G. P., M. L. Keefer, T. S. Clabough, M. A. Jepson, S. R. Lee, C. A. Peery, C. C. Caudill, and M. Bradford. 2011. Influence of pinniped-caused injuries on the survival of adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Columbia River basin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68:1615–1624.
Parker, R. M., M. P. Zimmerman, and D. L. Ward. 1995. Variability in biological characteristics of northern squawfish in the Lower Columbia and Snake Rivers. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124:335–346.
Peterman, R., and M. Gatto. 1978. Estimation of functional responses of predators on juvenile salmon. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:797–808.
Petersen, J. H., D. M. Gadomski, and T. P. Poe. 1994. Differential predation by northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) on live and dead juvenile salmonids in the Bonneville dam tailrace (Columbia River). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:1197–1204.
Petersen, J. H. 1994. Importance of spatial pattern in estimating predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia river. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123:924–930.
Petersen, J. 2001. Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river. Journal of Fish Biology 58:1137–1148.
Poe, T. P., H. C. Hansel, S. Vigg, D. E. Palmer, and L. A. Prendergast. 1991. Feeding of predaceous fishes on out-migrating juvenile salmonids in John Day reservoir, Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:405–420.
Poe, T. P., and B. E. Rieman. 1988. Predation by resident fish on juvenile salmonids in John Day reservoir, 1983-1986. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR. Pp. 382.
Porter, R. 2010. Report on the predation index, predator control fisheries, and program evaluation for the Columbia river basin experimental northern pikeminnow management program. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission.
Quinn, T. P. 2005. The behavior and ecology of Pacific salmon and trout. University of Washington Press.
Radtke, H. D., C. N. Carter, and S. W. Davis. 2004. Economic evaluation of the northern pikeminnow management program. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission.
Raymond, H. L. 1988. Effects of hydroelectric development and fisheries enhancement on spring and summer Chinook salmon and Steelhead in the Columbia river basin. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8:1–24.
Rieman, B. E., and R. C. Beamesderfer. 1990. Dynamics of a northern squawfish population and the potential to reduce predation on juvenile salmonids in a Columbia River reservoir. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 10:228–241.
Rieman, B. E., R. C. Beamesderfer, S. Vigg, and T. P. Poe. 1991. Estimated loss of juvenile salmonids to predation by northern squawfish, walleyes, and smallmouth bass in John Day reservoir, Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:448–458.
Roby, D., and K. Collis. 2011. Research, monitoring, and evaluation of avian predation on salmonid smolts in the Lower and Mid-Columbia River:167.
Stansell, R. J., K. M. Gibbons, and W. T. Nagy. 2010. Evaluation of pinniped predation on adult salmonids and other fish in the Bonneville dam tailrace, 2008-2010. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Fisheries Field Unit.
The Research Group. 2009. North Pacific salmon fisheries economic measurement estimates. Wild Salmon Center, Corvallis, OR.
Thompson, R., and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1959. Food of the Squawfish, Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson) of the lower Columbia River. U.S. Dept. of the Interior.
Turner, B. G. K., M. Clement, K. Garner, and C. Keeler. 2006. Northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) removal efforts, for the Priest rapids project area, Mid-Columbia River, 2006. Ephrata, Washington.
U.S. army corps of engineers, Portland district. 2009. Fish identification booklet. .
Vigg, S., T. P. Poe, L. A. Prendergast, and H. C. Hansel. 1991. Rates of consumption of juvenile salmonids and alternative prey fish by northern squawfish, walleyes, smallmouth bass, and channel catfish in John Day reservoir, Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:421–438.
Wipfli, M. S., J. Hudson, and J. Caouette. 1998. Influence of salmon carcasses on stream productivity: response of biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alaska, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1503–1511.
Zimmerman, M. P. 1995. Relative density and distribution of smallmouth bass, channel catfish, and walleye in the lower Columbia and Snake Rivers. Northwest Science Northwest Sci 69:19–27.
Figure Citations
Figure 1. A program participant holding a northern pikeminnow. http://www.fishingwithrod.com/articles/estuary_fishing/images/tidal_fraser_river_light_spincasting_01.jpg
Figure 2. Map of the 2012 northern pikeminnow program area and registration stations.
http://www.pikeminnow.org/2012-directions.html
Figure 3. Juvenile northern pikeminnow (top) and an adult pikeminnow (bottom). Not to scale.
http://www.fpc.org/bon_jda/juvnonsalmon.html
http://www.pikeminnow.org/info.html
Figure 4. Northern pikeminnow life cycle from (Gadomski et al. 2001). See citation above.
Figure 5. A Chinook (left) and steelhead salmon (right).
http://endlessocean.wikia.com/wiki/Chinook_Salmon
http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/fishing/regional/fishresources/salmon.html
Figure 6. A northern pikeminnow.
http://fraservalleysalmonsociety.ca/species.html
Figure 7. A northern pikeminnow with a mouth full of salmon.
http://fishbio.com/other-fish-species/survival-of-the-biggest
Figure 8. Bonneville Dam, Oregon, USA.
http://news.opb.org/article/judge_rejects_fed_columbia_river_dam_plans/
Figure 9. A pikeminnow with an unknown number of salmonids in its mouth.
http://fishbio.com/other-fish-species/survival-of-the-biggest
Figure 10. Survivorship curves exhibited by various organisms. Artwork courtesy of Nick Pitz.
Figure 11. A Caspian tern (left), double-crested cormorant (middle), walleye (top right), and smallmouth bass (bottom right).
http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2009/a-refuge-in-the-harbor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phalacrocorax-auritus-007.jpg
http://www.dfw.state.or.us/resources/fishing/warm_water_fishing/Walleye.asp
http://fish.dnr.cornell.edu/nyfish/Centrarchidae/smallmouth_bass.html
Figure 12. A regression with the number of returning adults as a function of the number of outmigrating juvenile salmonids. Reproduced from Beamesderfer et al. 1996.
Figure 13. System wide exploitation rates of northern pikeminnow ≥ 250 mm fork length for the northern pikeminnow sport reward program 1991 – 2010. Error bars denote the 95% confidence interval. Confidence intervals were not available for 1991 – 1992 (graph on left). Maximum (A), median (B), and minimum (C) estimates of predation reduction by northern pikeminnow on juvenile salmonids relative to predation prior to implementation of the northern pikeminnow management program. Estimates of predicted predation after 2010 are based on average values for post-program model inputs for the most recent seven years (graph on right). Figures reproduced from Porter (2010).
Figure 14. Fisherman with salmon.
http://noriana.com/salmon-fishing-in-alaska/
Figure 15. Mound of removed Northern Pikeminnnow.
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/reeltimenorthwest/2018285756_northern_pikeminnow_catches_in.html
Figure 16. Spawing Sockeye salmon.
http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/5895.php?from=104943
Figure 17. Salmon fishermen.
http://home.online.no/~jfuruly/salmon/salnews-06-2005.htm
Figure 18. Type III survivorship curve. Artwork courtesy of Nick Pitz.
Figure 19. Double-crested Cormorants feeding.
http://photography-on-the.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1153653
Figure 20. Northern pikeminnow caught for the program.
http://fishbio.com/other-fish-species/survival-of-the-biggest
Figure 21. Fisherman with Chinook Salmon.
http://www.roguerivertrips.info/activities/Oregon_King_Salmon_Fishing.asp
Figure 22. Collection of removed pikeminnow.
http://www.katu.com/news/local/18676894.html
Figure 23. School of juvenile Chinook Salmon.
http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/09/hatcheries-vs-wild-salmon/
Figure 24. Spawning Chinook Salmon.
http://www.reelsilvercharters.com/lake-ontario-game-fish.htm
Figure 2. Map of the 2012 northern pikeminnow program area and registration stations.
http://www.pikeminnow.org/2012-directions.html
Figure 3. Juvenile northern pikeminnow (top) and an adult pikeminnow (bottom). Not to scale.
http://www.fpc.org/bon_jda/juvnonsalmon.html
http://www.pikeminnow.org/info.html
Figure 4. Northern pikeminnow life cycle from (Gadomski et al. 2001). See citation above.
Figure 5. A Chinook (left) and steelhead salmon (right).
http://endlessocean.wikia.com/wiki/Chinook_Salmon
http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/fishing/regional/fishresources/salmon.html
Figure 6. A northern pikeminnow.
http://fraservalleysalmonsociety.ca/species.html
Figure 7. A northern pikeminnow with a mouth full of salmon.
http://fishbio.com/other-fish-species/survival-of-the-biggest
Figure 8. Bonneville Dam, Oregon, USA.
http://news.opb.org/article/judge_rejects_fed_columbia_river_dam_plans/
Figure 9. A pikeminnow with an unknown number of salmonids in its mouth.
http://fishbio.com/other-fish-species/survival-of-the-biggest
Figure 10. Survivorship curves exhibited by various organisms. Artwork courtesy of Nick Pitz.
Figure 11. A Caspian tern (left), double-crested cormorant (middle), walleye (top right), and smallmouth bass (bottom right).
http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2009/a-refuge-in-the-harbor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phalacrocorax-auritus-007.jpg
http://www.dfw.state.or.us/resources/fishing/warm_water_fishing/Walleye.asp
http://fish.dnr.cornell.edu/nyfish/Centrarchidae/smallmouth_bass.html
Figure 12. A regression with the number of returning adults as a function of the number of outmigrating juvenile salmonids. Reproduced from Beamesderfer et al. 1996.
Figure 13. System wide exploitation rates of northern pikeminnow ≥ 250 mm fork length for the northern pikeminnow sport reward program 1991 – 2010. Error bars denote the 95% confidence interval. Confidence intervals were not available for 1991 – 1992 (graph on left). Maximum (A), median (B), and minimum (C) estimates of predation reduction by northern pikeminnow on juvenile salmonids relative to predation prior to implementation of the northern pikeminnow management program. Estimates of predicted predation after 2010 are based on average values for post-program model inputs for the most recent seven years (graph on right). Figures reproduced from Porter (2010).
Figure 14. Fisherman with salmon.
http://noriana.com/salmon-fishing-in-alaska/
Figure 15. Mound of removed Northern Pikeminnnow.
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/reeltimenorthwest/2018285756_northern_pikeminnow_catches_in.html
Figure 16. Spawing Sockeye salmon.
http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/5895.php?from=104943
Figure 17. Salmon fishermen.
http://home.online.no/~jfuruly/salmon/salnews-06-2005.htm
Figure 18. Type III survivorship curve. Artwork courtesy of Nick Pitz.
Figure 19. Double-crested Cormorants feeding.
http://photography-on-the.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1153653
Figure 20. Northern pikeminnow caught for the program.
http://fishbio.com/other-fish-species/survival-of-the-biggest
Figure 21. Fisherman with Chinook Salmon.
http://www.roguerivertrips.info/activities/Oregon_King_Salmon_Fishing.asp
Figure 22. Collection of removed pikeminnow.
http://www.katu.com/news/local/18676894.html
Figure 23. School of juvenile Chinook Salmon.
http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/09/hatcheries-vs-wild-salmon/
Figure 24. Spawning Chinook Salmon.
http://www.reelsilvercharters.com/lake-ontario-game-fish.htm